Suchergebnisse

Arguments are presented for reconsideration of models which guide planning behavior & structure planning organizations. Hierarchical organizations are compared with reticular organizations. The latter are presented as necessary for effective citizen participation. Legitimacy is presented as a fundamental basis of justifying planning action. Historical shifts in forms of legitimacy are discussed. Participation, as a form of legitimacy, & several aspects of participatory planning are analyzed in terms of recent systems theory. Participatory planning, increases the effectiveness & adaptivity of the planning process & contributes adaptivity & stability to the societal system. Citizen participation is an essential element in making the planning process a learning system. This leads to an unexpected requirement of planners who would adopt a participatory planning process & a strengthening of the definition & role of communities in the Ur system. The elements of the developmental process (developed by R. W. White & other developmental psychologists); actualization, differentiation, & integration may also be attributes of the developmental process of community participation. Modified HA.